TORONTO — When the late Oscar Peterson was a piano-crazed youth in the 1930s, learning to play jazz was pretty much a do-it-yourself job. It wasn’t as if he could sign up for a course in improvisation or jazz harmony at Montreal High School; he had to find teachers on his own and hope that what they taught would provide the tools he needed.
Peterson was lucky enough to have found an ideal instructor in Paul de Marky, a Hungarian who taught at Montreal’s McGill Conservatory. On a pianistic level, the aspiring jazz musician was in awe of de Marky’s playing. "He’d be sitting there playing and playing, with this beautiful sound that he’d get out of the instrument," Peterson says in Gene Lees’s biography, Oscar Peterson: The Will to Swing.
But he was also lucky, because de Marky was also sympathetic to Peterson’s desire to play jazz. "After the lesson, he’d say, 'What are you doing now, in your field, in the jazz field … ‘ " Peterson says in the book. "I remember playing The Man I Love for him. He’d say, 'I don’t hear the melody singing. … Make it sing.’ "
Aspiring jazz pianists these days don’t need quite so much luck to master both their instrument and their field.
Thanks in large part to the efforts of the International Association for Jazz Education (IAJE), a coalition of musician-educators who will be holding their annual convention in Toronto this week, jazz education has become a standard part of the music curriculum in high schools and universities around the world.
It has been a revolution in music education, and a fairly recent one at that. "The number of schools that offer degrees - not just undergraduate, but graduate degrees and doctoral degrees - has increased enormously," says Paul Read, director of graduate jazz studies at the University of Toronto and the Canada representative on the IAJE executive board.
"We’re offering a doctoral degree in jazz performance at the University of Toronto now," he adds. "In 1991, when I first was hired, I don’t know if there was a doctoral degree in jazz performance in North America, period."
Obviously, mastering the art of improvisation is a part of such an education, but it’s not as if jazz studies consist entirely of Jamming 101. At the university level, it’s not unusual for an aspiring jazz musician to put in as much time studying Bach as bebop, along with intensive classes in harmony, theory and composition.
Jazz is incredibly demanding music, points out Bill McFarlin, IAJE executive director. "It requires very strong musicianship," he says.
"You have to have a command of the mechanics, but you also have to have a command of being a whole musician. You have to be able to cover the whole portfolio if you’re going to be a performer.
"That’s one of the reasons that most jazz musicians who are professionals in today’s world are equally comfortable in a Broadway setting, in a classical setting, in a jazz setting. And being a comprehensive musician only strengthens their jazz playing."
Not that everyone in a jazz studies program ends up playing jazz. A lot of pop musicians, from guitarist Bruce Cockburn to singer Tracy Bonham to members of the progressive metal band Dream Theatre, are products of jazz programs, as are a huge number of studio musicians. In a sense, jazz programs have become, for popular music, what the conservatory system has been for classical.
"There has been a bit of a revolution, but I think of it more as an expansion," Read says. "Occasionally, you still hear the argument that you must play classical before you play jazz, but that notion is really an anachronism. You do have to learn the discipline of playing an instrument and often classical music offers that to a student."
Jazz also draws on many of the creative devices and analytical tools used by classical composers. "I remember when I was in school, we analyzed a Charlie Parker solo for species counterpoint," McFarlin says. (Parker’s counterpoint, he adds, "was perfect.")
Knowing how to create music as well as play it is, perhaps, the greatest difference between the jazz curriculum and its classical counterpart. After all, in order to get a job with a symphony orchestra, a violinist need only play - albeit incredibly well. But, as McFarlin points out, "jazz musicians have to be spontaneous composers, and it’s that spontaneous composition - a.k.a. improvisation - that certainly strengthens our musicianship as players."
Thanks to the phenomenal growth of jazz programs since the IAJE began its advocacy for jazz education in 1968, some have joked that jazz education has become more popular than jazz itself - a notion that took on the weight of actual news after a New York Times article last year suggested that jazz education was growing even as the music itself was dying.
Although flattered by the argument, neither Read nor McFarlin believes that jazz is anywhere near death’s door. "The music has never been a pop music, except maybe in the thirties, when it found its way into the dance halls," Read says. "So I would say that it’s not as popular as it once was, but it’s as strong as it’s ever been.
"The reason I say that is that recording the music has just exploded. There are so many people who are putting recordings out and just distributing them worldwide - that just never would have been imagined in the days of Charlie Parker."
True, that hasn’t translated into the sort of sales figures that would make a record executive drool, but that doesn’t mean the audience isn’t there. "I truly believe more people are listening to jazz today than 10 years ago, because of satellite radio and iPods and these other things," McFarlin says. "I just don’t think it’s being properly measured."
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The IAJE will bring thousands of jazz musicians and educators to Toronto for its annual convention, which runs from tomorrow through Saturday. Naturally, there will be panel discussions and workshops, on topics ranging from The Jazz Trio to Reducing Unnecessary Tension in Performance. But there will also be performances. Some highlights open to the public:
Jazz Masters Gala
Originally, the biggest and most prestigious event - Friday’s concert and awards ceremony that will honour the late Oscar Peterson - was to be open to the public. But the IAJE decided late last week that the event will be open to conference attendees only. Still, those who will attend will see pianist Oliver Jones paying tribute to Peterson as a soloist with the Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra. Weekday highlights
Things start tomorrow with an 8 p.m. performance at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre’s Constitution Hall featuring New York Voices with saxophonist Paquito D’Rivera, as well as guitarist (and Herbie Hancock sideman) Lionel Loueke. At 11 p.m., the Scandinavian-inspired combo Nordic Connect plays the Convention Centre’s John Bassett Theatre.
On Thursday, saxophonist Courtney Pine hosts an evening of English jazz, with Martin Taylor, Dennis Rollins and others, starting at 8 p.m. in Constitution Hall.
At 11, pianist Kenny Werner will lead the Delirium Blues Project at John Bassett Theatre.
Weekend highlights
Saturday sees Constitution Hall filling with the sound of Canadian jazz, thanks to a showcase featuring clarinetist François Houle, Barry Romberg’s Random Access Large Ensemble, plus an all-star quintet with saxophonist Rich Wilkins, trumpeter Guido Basso, pianist Don Thompson, bassist Dave Young and drummer Terry Clarke. It starts at 8 p.m.; tickets are available through Ticketmaster, 416-870-8000 or http://www.ticketmaster.ca.
Finally, although Darcy James Argue’s experimental big band Secret Society North, featuring such stalwarts as Christine Jensen, Kevin Turcotte, Tim Hagans and Linda Allemano, is playing at IAJE, the public won’t have access to the show. Fortunately, the group is also playing at the Tranzac (292 Brunswick, Ave.) at 8 p.m. Sunday. Tickets are $15, and available at the door.
J.D.C.